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2025
Scheeren, Anke M; Nieuwenhuis, Smiddy; Crane, Laura; Roke, Yvette; Begeer, Sander
Masking, social context and perceived stress in autistic adults: An ecological momentary assessment study Journal Article
In: Autism, vol. 29, iss. 12, pp. 3002-3013, 2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Maskering, Stress
@article{nokey,
title = {Masking, social context and perceived stress in autistic adults: An ecological momentary assessment study},
author = {Anke M Scheeren and Smiddy Nieuwenhuis and Laura Crane and Yvette Roke and Sander Begeer },
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40635406/},
doi = {10.1177/13623613251353358},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-07-09},
journal = {Autism},
volume = {29},
issue = {12},
pages = {3002-3013},
abstract = {Masking may entail the suppression of autistic traits by autistic individuals. Thus far, research indicates a negative impact of autistic masking on mental health, but this is largely based on retrospective surveys. In this study, we used ecological momentary assessment to examine real-time associations between social context (i.e. presence of (non-)autistic others), masking, and perceived stress in everyday life among a sample of autistic adults. Ecological momentary assessment data were collected via a smartphone application for 87 autistic individuals (58 females; M age = 48; age range: 17-68). In line with the hypotheses, repeated measures analyses of variance and linear mixed models indicated that (1) participants reported masking significantly less when they were alone compared with when others were present, (2) participants masked significantly more when non-autistic others were present compared with autistic others, and (3) more masking was associated with a concurrent higher level of perceived stress. Autistic adults reported they could be more themselves among autistic peers and reduced masking was associated with reduced stress. These ecological momentary assessment study findings provide ecological validity to the potential stressful impact of masking in the daily lives of autistic adults.Lay abstractAutistic people may try to hide their autistic traits in order to fit in. This is called autistic masking. Survey research suggests that autistic masking may have a negative effect on the mental well-being of autistic people. Yet, survey research has limitations, because people may not remember or may not accurately report how much they masked and how they felt in the past. Therefore, in this study, we asked autistic adults to use a smartphone app to report with whom they were (with or without autistic people), if they could be themselves (degree of masking), and how stressed they felt during the past 4 h. Participants reported this information multiple times over a period of 28 days. In total, 87 autistic adults participated (58 females; age range: 17-68). In line with our expectations, (1) participants masked less when they were alone compared with when others were present, (2) participants masked more when non-autistic others were present compared with autistic others, and (3) more masking was linked with the experience of more stress in the same moment. Autistic adults reported they could be more themselves among other autistic individuals. Also, less masking was associated with less stress. Our study shows the everyday reality of stress during masking experienced by autistic adults.},
keywords = {Autisme, Maskering, Stress},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Masking may entail the suppression of autistic traits by autistic individuals. Thus far, research indicates a negative impact of autistic masking on mental health, but this is largely based on retrospective surveys. In this study, we used ecological momentary assessment to examine real-time associations between social context (i.e. presence of (non-)autistic others), masking, and perceived stress in everyday life among a sample of autistic adults. Ecological momentary assessment data were collected via a smartphone application for 87 autistic individuals (58 females; M age = 48; age range: 17-68). In line with the hypotheses, repeated measures analyses of variance and linear mixed models indicated that (1) participants reported masking significantly less when they were alone compared with when others were present, (2) participants masked significantly more when non-autistic others were present compared with autistic others, and (3) more masking was associated with a concurrent higher level of perceived stress. Autistic adults reported they could be more themselves among autistic peers and reduced masking was associated with reduced stress. These ecological momentary assessment study findings provide ecological validity to the potential stressful impact of masking in the daily lives of autistic adults.Lay abstractAutistic people may try to hide their autistic traits in order to fit in. This is called autistic masking. Survey research suggests that autistic masking may have a negative effect on the mental well-being of autistic people. Yet, survey research has limitations, because people may not remember or may not accurately report how much they masked and how they felt in the past. Therefore, in this study, we asked autistic adults to use a smartphone app to report with whom they were (with or without autistic people), if they could be themselves (degree of masking), and how stressed they felt during the past 4 h. Participants reported this information multiple times over a period of 28 days. In total, 87 autistic adults participated (58 females; age range: 17-68). In line with our expectations, (1) participants masked less when they were alone compared with when others were present, (2) participants masked more when non-autistic others were present compared with autistic others, and (3) more masking was linked with the experience of more stress in the same moment. Autistic adults reported they could be more themselves among other autistic individuals. Also, less masking was associated with less stress. Our study shows the everyday reality of stress during masking experienced by autistic adults.
Crompton, Catherine J.; Foster, Sarah J.; Wilks, Charlotte E. H.; Dodd, Michelle; Efthimiou, Themis N.; Ropar, Danielle; Sasson, Noah J.; Lages, Martin; Fletcher-Watson, Sue
Information transfer within and between autistic and non-autistic people Journal Article
In: Nature Human Behaviour volume, vol. 9, pp. 1488–1500, 2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Maskering, Neurotypisk
@article{nokey,
title = {Information transfer within and between autistic and non-autistic people},
author = {Catherine J. Crompton and Sarah J. Foster and Charlotte E. H. Wilks and Michelle Dodd and Themis N. Efthimiou and Danielle Ropar and Noah J. Sasson and Martin Lages and Sue Fletcher-Watson },
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02163-z},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02163-z},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-05-14},
urldate = {2025-05-14},
journal = {Nature Human Behaviour volume},
volume = {9},
pages = {1488–1500},
abstract = {Autism is clinically defined by social communication deficits, suggesting that autistic people may be less effective at sharing information, particularly with one another. However, recent research indicates that neurotype mismatches, rather than autism itself, degrade information sharing. Here, using the diffusion chain method, we examined information transfer in autistic, non-autistic and mixed-neurotype chains (N = 311), replicating and extending a key study. We hypothesized that information transfer would deteriorate faster and rapport would be lower in mixed-neurotype compared with single-neurotype chains. Additionally, we examined whether informing participants of the diagnostic status of their chain and whether information was fictional or factual impacted performance and rapport. We found no difference in information transfer between single-neurotype and mixed-neurotype chains. Non-autistic chains indicated higher rapport, and disclosing diagnosis improved rapport. This result challenges assumptions about autistic communication deficits but contrasts with prior findings. Enhanced participant heterogeneity and methodological differences may explain these unexpected results. Protocol registration The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 23 August 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/us9c7/.},
keywords = {Autisme, Maskering, Neurotypisk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Autism is clinically defined by social communication deficits, suggesting that autistic people may be less effective at sharing information, particularly with one another. However, recent research indicates that neurotype mismatches, rather than autism itself, degrade information sharing. Here, using the diffusion chain method, we examined information transfer in autistic, non-autistic and mixed-neurotype chains (N = 311), replicating and extending a key study. We hypothesized that information transfer would deteriorate faster and rapport would be lower in mixed-neurotype compared with single-neurotype chains. Additionally, we examined whether informing participants of the diagnostic status of their chain and whether information was fictional or factual impacted performance and rapport. We found no difference in information transfer between single-neurotype and mixed-neurotype chains. Non-autistic chains indicated higher rapport, and disclosing diagnosis improved rapport. This result challenges assumptions about autistic communication deficits but contrasts with prior findings. Enhanced participant heterogeneity and methodological differences may explain these unexpected results. Protocol registration The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 23 August 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/us9c7/.
Wanigasekera, Lashindri C; Maybery, Murray T; Palermo, Romina; Whitehouse, Andrew J O; Tan, Diana Weiting
First Impressions Towards Autistic People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Journal Article
In: Autism Res, vol. 18, iss. 5, pp. 983-1010, 2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Førstehåndsindtryk, Maskering, Social interaktion, Stigma
@article{nokey,
title = {First Impressions Towards Autistic People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
author = {Lashindri C Wanigasekera and Murray T Maybery and Romina Palermo and Andrew J O Whitehouse and Diana Weiting Tan },
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265250/},
doi = {10.1002/aur.70019},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-04-23},
urldate = {2025-04-23},
journal = {Autism Res},
volume = {18},
issue = {5},
pages = {983-1010},
abstract = {Emerging evidence suggests that observers tend to form less favorable first impressions toward autistic people than toward non-autistic people. These negative impressions may be associated with immediate behavioral responses, as well as long-lasting attitudes toward those being observed that may negatively impact their psychosocial wellbeing. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized the existing literature that has compared first impressions toward autistic and non-autistic people to investigate whether first impressions are influenced by: (1) type of first impression measure, (2) modality of stimulus presentation, and (3) characteristics of the observers and/or stimulus participants. Key inclusion criteria were: (1) one or more groups of observers provided first impression ratings, (2) the stimuli were presented in either audio-only, video-only, audio-video, still image, or speech transcript format, and (3) first impressions toward autistic and non-autistic individuals were compared. A systematic search identified a final sample of 21 articles, which included 221 effects for analyses. Findings showed that first impressions were generally less favorable for autistic compared to non-autistic people across all presentation modalities other than speech transcript, with effect sizes typically moderate to large. Differences in first impressions toward autistic and non-autistic people were generally more pronounced for ratings of interpersonal attraction and social and communication presentation, rather than for ratings of psychological and personality traits. There was also some evidence that characteristics of non-autistic observers, such as autism knowledge and quality of contact with autistic people, impact first impressions. These findings provide insight into the critical role first impressions play in influencing social interaction between autistic and non-autistic individuals.},
keywords = {Autisme, Førstehåndsindtryk, Maskering, Social interaktion, Stigma},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Emerging evidence suggests that observers tend to form less favorable first impressions toward autistic people than toward non-autistic people. These negative impressions may be associated with immediate behavioral responses, as well as long-lasting attitudes toward those being observed that may negatively impact their psychosocial wellbeing. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized the existing literature that has compared first impressions toward autistic and non-autistic people to investigate whether first impressions are influenced by: (1) type of first impression measure, (2) modality of stimulus presentation, and (3) characteristics of the observers and/or stimulus participants. Key inclusion criteria were: (1) one or more groups of observers provided first impression ratings, (2) the stimuli were presented in either audio-only, video-only, audio-video, still image, or speech transcript format, and (3) first impressions toward autistic and non-autistic individuals were compared. A systematic search identified a final sample of 21 articles, which included 221 effects for analyses. Findings showed that first impressions were generally less favorable for autistic compared to non-autistic people across all presentation modalities other than speech transcript, with effect sizes typically moderate to large. Differences in first impressions toward autistic and non-autistic people were generally more pronounced for ratings of interpersonal attraction and social and communication presentation, rather than for ratings of psychological and personality traits. There was also some evidence that characteristics of non-autistic observers, such as autism knowledge and quality of contact with autistic people, impact first impressions. These findings provide insight into the critical role first impressions play in influencing social interaction between autistic and non-autistic individuals.
2024
Evans, Joshua A; Krumrei-Mancuso, Elizabeth J; Rouse, Steven V
What You Are Hiding Could Be Hurting You: Autistic Masking in Relation to Mental Health, Interpersonal Trauma, Authenticity, and Self-Esteem Journal Article
In: Autism in Adulthood, vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 229-240, 2024.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Maskering, Mental Sundhed, Selvværd, Traume
@article{nokey,
title = {What You Are Hiding Could Be Hurting You: Autistic Masking in Relation to Mental Health, Interpersonal Trauma, Authenticity, and Self-Esteem},
author = {Joshua A Evans and Elizabeth J Krumrei-Mancuso and Steven V Rouse },
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39139513/},
doi = {10.1089/aut.2022.0115},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-06-17},
journal = {Autism in Adulthood},
volume = {6},
issue = {2},
pages = {229-240},
abstract = {Background: Autistic masking refers to some autistic individuals' tendency to hide, suppress, or camouflage their autistic traits, autistic identity, or autism diagnosis. Autistic masking also may include unconscious or conscious attempts to mimic the behavioral, cognitive, or sensory styles of nonautistic neurotypical people and to suppress natural forms of autistic behavior, cognition, and reactions to sensory experiences. Since autistic people are a stigmatized minority in many neurotypical dominated societies, passing as nonautistic through autistic masking may be an attempt to avoid autism stigma and a reaction to previous interpersonal trauma. Increased autistic masking behaviors are associated with reports of increased depression, anxiety, burnout, and exhaustion in autistic people, and thus, exploring the roots and impact of autistic masking is an important mental health topic.
Methods: This study investigated the relationships between autistic masking and depression, anxiety, gender identity, sexual orientation, interpersonal trauma, self-esteem, authenticity, and autistic community involvement. Participants were autistic adults (n = 342) recruited through autistic social media groups.
Results: This study found that higher self-reported autistic masking behaviors were associated with higher reports of past interpersonal trauma, greater anxiety and depression symptoms, lower self-esteem, lower authenticity, and lower participation within the autistic community. Autistic masking was not associated with gender identity or sexual orientation.
Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the relationship between autistic masking and past interpersonal trauma, finding that autistic masking behavior is associated with mental health, self-esteem, and authenticity risks for autistic adults. We call into question the teaching of autistic masking strategies in therapies and education programs for autistic people based on the negative associations with autistic masking presented in this study and other research in this field.
},
keywords = {Autisme, Maskering, Mental Sundhed, Selvværd, Traume},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Autistic masking refers to some autistic individuals' tendency to hide, suppress, or camouflage their autistic traits, autistic identity, or autism diagnosis. Autistic masking also may include unconscious or conscious attempts to mimic the behavioral, cognitive, or sensory styles of nonautistic neurotypical people and to suppress natural forms of autistic behavior, cognition, and reactions to sensory experiences. Since autistic people are a stigmatized minority in many neurotypical dominated societies, passing as nonautistic through autistic masking may be an attempt to avoid autism stigma and a reaction to previous interpersonal trauma. Increased autistic masking behaviors are associated with reports of increased depression, anxiety, burnout, and exhaustion in autistic people, and thus, exploring the roots and impact of autistic masking is an important mental health topic.
Methods: This study investigated the relationships between autistic masking and depression, anxiety, gender identity, sexual orientation, interpersonal trauma, self-esteem, authenticity, and autistic community involvement. Participants were autistic adults (n = 342) recruited through autistic social media groups.
Results: This study found that higher self-reported autistic masking behaviors were associated with higher reports of past interpersonal trauma, greater anxiety and depression symptoms, lower self-esteem, lower authenticity, and lower participation within the autistic community. Autistic masking was not associated with gender identity or sexual orientation.
Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the relationship between autistic masking and past interpersonal trauma, finding that autistic masking behavior is associated with mental health, self-esteem, and authenticity risks for autistic adults. We call into question the teaching of autistic masking strategies in therapies and education programs for autistic people based on the negative associations with autistic masking presented in this study and other research in this field.
Methods: This study investigated the relationships between autistic masking and depression, anxiety, gender identity, sexual orientation, interpersonal trauma, self-esteem, authenticity, and autistic community involvement. Participants were autistic adults (n = 342) recruited through autistic social media groups.
Results: This study found that higher self-reported autistic masking behaviors were associated with higher reports of past interpersonal trauma, greater anxiety and depression symptoms, lower self-esteem, lower authenticity, and lower participation within the autistic community. Autistic masking was not associated with gender identity or sexual orientation.
Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the relationship between autistic masking and past interpersonal trauma, finding that autistic masking behavior is associated with mental health, self-esteem, and authenticity risks for autistic adults. We call into question the teaching of autistic masking strategies in therapies and education programs for autistic people based on the negative associations with autistic masking presented in this study and other research in this field.
Kim, So Yoon; Cheon, Jeong Eun; Kim, Young-Hoon
A Cross-Cultural Examination of Blatant and Subtle Dehumanization of Autistic People Journal Article
In: Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, vol. 55, pp. 678-694, 2024.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Dehumanisering, Maskering, Stigma
@article{nokey,
title = {A Cross-Cultural Examination of Blatant and Subtle Dehumanization of Autistic People},
author = {So Yoon Kim and Jeong Eun Cheon and Young-Hoon Kim},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-023-06217-x},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06217-x},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-13},
urldate = {2024-01-13},
journal = {Journal of Autism and Development Disorders},
volume = {55},
pages = {678-694},
abstract = {This cross-cultural study examined various domains of dehumanization, including both blatant (viewing autistic people as animal-like, child-like, or machine-like) and subtle (denying agency and experience capabilities) dehumanization, of autistic individuals by Koreans and Americans.},
keywords = {Autisme, Dehumanisering, Maskering, Stigma},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This cross-cultural study examined various domains of dehumanization, including both blatant (viewing autistic people as animal-like, child-like, or machine-like) and subtle (denying agency and experience capabilities) dehumanization, of autistic individuals by Koreans and Americans.
2022
Vej, Jenny-Margrethe; Borsotti, Valeria; Savage, Valkyrie; Engell-Nørregård, Morten; Bjørn, Pernille
DOREEN: A Game of Provocations Creating New Ambitions for Equity in Computing through Intertextual Design Journal Article
In: Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference, no. 86, pp. 1-8, 2022.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bias, Datalogi, Diversitet, Inklusion, Køn, Provocations
@article{nokey,
title = {DOREEN: A Game of Provocations Creating New Ambitions for Equity in Computing through Intertextual Design},
author = {Jenny-Margrethe Vej and Valeria Borsotti and Valkyrie Savage and Morten Engell-Nørregård and Pernille Bjørn},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-08},
journal = {Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference},
number = {86},
pages = {1-8},
abstract = {We introduce DOREEN, a norm-critical story-telling game of provocations that displays women's invisible experiences in computing to challenge barriers to inclusion. Following the principles of intertextual design, we collected empirical narratives from the past experiences of everyday women in computing and embedded these within the mechanics of role-playing storytelling games. With DOREEN we propose a playful way of exploring how gender roles, assumptions about computing, and social dynamics shape the experience of students – to reflect on the past with the aim of changing the future. DOREEN makes intertextual referencing to The Unbeatable SQUIRREL Girl aka Doreen Green, a computer science college student and a Marvel superhero who finds unorthodox ways (using wit and humor) to overcome barriers. DOREEN is a game to enjoy while engaging in critical reflection on belonging and well-being within computing. DOREEN is centered around an octahedron die and an adventure sheet inspired by tabletop role-playing gaming, emphasizing story-telling as a strategy for challenging norms and creating alternative narratives. The die design invites the players to reflect on how the probability of encountering limiting narratives and structural barriers can be higher or lower for different social groups. Finally, DOREEN is designed as the embodiment of all the people whose experiences, agency, and perspectives should be included in the journey of broadening participation in computing.
},
keywords = {Bias, Datalogi, Diversitet, Inklusion, Køn, Provocations},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We introduce DOREEN, a norm-critical story-telling game of provocations that displays women's invisible experiences in computing to challenge barriers to inclusion. Following the principles of intertextual design, we collected empirical narratives from the past experiences of everyday women in computing and embedded these within the mechanics of role-playing storytelling games. With DOREEN we propose a playful way of exploring how gender roles, assumptions about computing, and social dynamics shape the experience of students – to reflect on the past with the aim of changing the future. DOREEN makes intertextual referencing to The Unbeatable SQUIRREL Girl aka Doreen Green, a computer science college student and a Marvel superhero who finds unorthodox ways (using wit and humor) to overcome barriers. DOREEN is a game to enjoy while engaging in critical reflection on belonging and well-being within computing. DOREEN is centered around an octahedron die and an adventure sheet inspired by tabletop role-playing gaming, emphasizing story-telling as a strategy for challenging norms and creating alternative narratives. The die design invites the players to reflect on how the probability of encountering limiting narratives and structural barriers can be higher or lower for different social groups. Finally, DOREEN is designed as the embodiment of all the people whose experiences, agency, and perspectives should be included in the journey of broadening participation in computing.
Whelpley, Christopher E; May, Cynthia P
Seeing is Disliking: Evidence of Bias Against Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Traditional Job Interviews Journal Article
In: J Autism Dev Disord, vol. 53, iss. 4, pp. 363-1374, 2022.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Arbejdsliv, Autisme, Førstehåndsindtryk, Stigma
@article{nokey,
title = {Seeing is Disliking: Evidence of Bias Against Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Traditional Job Interviews},
author = {Christopher E Whelpley and Cynthia P May },
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35294714/},
doi = {10.1007/s10803-022-05432-2},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-16},
journal = {J Autism Dev Disord},
volume = {53},
issue = {4},
pages = {363-1374},
abstract = {Job interviews are an integral component of the hiring process in most fields. Our research examines job interview performance of those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to neurotypical (NT) individuals. ASD and NT individuals were taped engaging in mock job interviews. Candidates were rated on a variety of dimensions by respondents who either watched the interview videos or read the interview transcripts and were naïve to the neurodiversity of the interviewees. NT candidates outperformed ASD candidates in the video condition, but in the absence of visual and social cues (transcript condition), individuals with ASD outperformed NT candidates. Our findings suggest that social style significantly influences hiring decisions in traditional job interviews and may bias evaluators against otherwise qualified candidates.},
keywords = {Arbejdsliv, Autisme, Førstehåndsindtryk, Stigma},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Job interviews are an integral component of the hiring process in most fields. Our research examines job interview performance of those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to neurotypical (NT) individuals. ASD and NT individuals were taped engaging in mock job interviews. Candidates were rated on a variety of dimensions by respondents who either watched the interview videos or read the interview transcripts and were naïve to the neurodiversity of the interviewees. NT candidates outperformed ASD candidates in the video condition, but in the absence of visual and social cues (transcript condition), individuals with ASD outperformed NT candidates. Our findings suggest that social style significantly influences hiring decisions in traditional job interviews and may bias evaluators against otherwise qualified candidates.
Vej, Jenny-Margrethe
Not Just a “Man In a Dress”: Voicing the Invisible Women of Computer Science Masters Thesis
2022.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bias, Datalogi, Diversitet, Inklusion, Køn
@mastersthesis{nokey,
title = {Not Just a “Man In a Dress”: Voicing the Invisible Women of Computer Science},
author = {Jenny-Margrethe Vej},
url = {https://www.jennyvej.dk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JennyVej-Thesis-2022-03-14.pdf},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-14},
abstract = {Denmark and other Western Countries is experiencing a wide gender gap when it comes
to Computer Science and has been so for many years creating biases and exclusions
when shaping the agenda for digital development, as well as challenging the industry
in dire need of skilled individuals. In an effort to contribute to changing this narrative
this thesis answers the research question: “What are the embedded stereotyped attitudes
and beliefs on gender and Computer Science encountered by women students and what
complexities shape the experiences of social belonging?”
To explore these embedded stereotyped beliefs and attitudes, ten former and current
women students who started their Bachelor Program in the years between 2010 and
2015 were recruited for interviews. These ten women make up more than 12 % of
the women who started at the Computer Science Bachelor Program during this period.
The interviews were performed as Life Story Interviews with an interview guide based
on the author’s own experiences as a Computer Science student in that same period.
Through coding and thorough analysis of the interviews, 5 themes emerged which has
formed the basis of this study, covering significant gender stereotypes about women
and attitudes towards different aspects of Computer Science as a field, as well as how
the social groups played a significant role in the women’s well-being.
What this thesis found was firstly that it is confirming that there are limited narratives
about women that shape peoples experience, confirming existing research on this area,
and we are extending this existing research by voicing these women’s experiences.
Secondly, we produce and propose a new concept called Relational Visibility to describe
the challenge these women face, balancing how to be both visible and invisible at the
same time. And finally, we propose a framework which describes the multilayered
complexity which this gender minority needs to navigate when starting in Computer
Science.},
keywords = {Bias, Datalogi, Diversitet, Inklusion, Køn},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
Denmark and other Western Countries is experiencing a wide gender gap when it comes
to Computer Science and has been so for many years creating biases and exclusions
when shaping the agenda for digital development, as well as challenging the industry
in dire need of skilled individuals. In an effort to contribute to changing this narrative
this thesis answers the research question: “What are the embedded stereotyped attitudes
and beliefs on gender and Computer Science encountered by women students and what
complexities shape the experiences of social belonging?”
To explore these embedded stereotyped beliefs and attitudes, ten former and current
women students who started their Bachelor Program in the years between 2010 and
2015 were recruited for interviews. These ten women make up more than 12 % of
the women who started at the Computer Science Bachelor Program during this period.
The interviews were performed as Life Story Interviews with an interview guide based
on the author’s own experiences as a Computer Science student in that same period.
Through coding and thorough analysis of the interviews, 5 themes emerged which has
formed the basis of this study, covering significant gender stereotypes about women
and attitudes towards different aspects of Computer Science as a field, as well as how
the social groups played a significant role in the women’s well-being.
What this thesis found was firstly that it is confirming that there are limited narratives
about women that shape peoples experience, confirming existing research on this area,
and we are extending this existing research by voicing these women’s experiences.
Secondly, we produce and propose a new concept called Relational Visibility to describe
the challenge these women face, balancing how to be both visible and invisible at the
same time. And finally, we propose a framework which describes the multilayered
complexity which this gender minority needs to navigate when starting in Computer
Science.
to Computer Science and has been so for many years creating biases and exclusions
when shaping the agenda for digital development, as well as challenging the industry
in dire need of skilled individuals. In an effort to contribute to changing this narrative
this thesis answers the research question: “What are the embedded stereotyped attitudes
and beliefs on gender and Computer Science encountered by women students and what
complexities shape the experiences of social belonging?”
To explore these embedded stereotyped beliefs and attitudes, ten former and current
women students who started their Bachelor Program in the years between 2010 and
2015 were recruited for interviews. These ten women make up more than 12 % of
the women who started at the Computer Science Bachelor Program during this period.
The interviews were performed as Life Story Interviews with an interview guide based
on the author’s own experiences as a Computer Science student in that same period.
Through coding and thorough analysis of the interviews, 5 themes emerged which has
formed the basis of this study, covering significant gender stereotypes about women
and attitudes towards different aspects of Computer Science as a field, as well as how
the social groups played a significant role in the women’s well-being.
What this thesis found was firstly that it is confirming that there are limited narratives
about women that shape peoples experience, confirming existing research on this area,
and we are extending this existing research by voicing these women’s experiences.
Secondly, we produce and propose a new concept called Relational Visibility to describe
the challenge these women face, balancing how to be both visible and invisible at the
same time. And finally, we propose a framework which describes the multilayered
complexity which this gender minority needs to navigate when starting in Computer
Science.
2021
Han, Emeline; Scior, Katrina; Avramides, Katerina; Crane, Laura
A systematic review on autistic people's experiences of stigma and coping strategies Journal Article
In: Autism Res, vol. 15, iss. 1, pp. 12-26, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Coping Strategi, Maskering, Stigma
@article{nokey,
title = {A systematic review on autistic people's experiences of stigma and coping strategies},
author = {Emeline Han and Katrina Scior and Katerina Avramides and Laura Crane },
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34881514/},
doi = {10.1002/aur.2652},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-08},
journal = {Autism Res},
volume = {15},
issue = {1},
pages = {12-26},
abstract = {Autism can be understood as a concealable stigmatized identity. This is the first systematic review to synthesize the literature on autistic people's experiences of stigma and coping strategies. 2877 studies were screened and 27 were included in this review. The reviewed literature demonstrates that autistic individuals are acutely aware of being stereotyped, judged, and discriminated by others. Autistic people also show signs of internalizing stigma, rendering them more vulnerable to low self-worth and poorer mental health. To manage the impact of stigma, the included studies suggest that autistic individuals may use these strategies: concealment and camouflaging, selective disclosure and self-advocacy, as well as positive reframing and reconstructing identity. However, the evidence is limited and mixed in terms of how helpful and effective these strategies are. Future studies should include autistic populations with a wider range of intellectual abilities and explore interventions that can support autistic people in managing stigma to supplement interventions that seek to reduce stigma towards autistic people. The power of language in perpetuating and challenging stigma also has important implications for research and practice, underscoring the need for researchers and practitioners to reflect carefully on the messages they are communicating about autism.},
keywords = {Autisme, Coping Strategi, Maskering, Stigma},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Autism can be understood as a concealable stigmatized identity. This is the first systematic review to synthesize the literature on autistic people's experiences of stigma and coping strategies. 2877 studies were screened and 27 were included in this review. The reviewed literature demonstrates that autistic individuals are acutely aware of being stereotyped, judged, and discriminated by others. Autistic people also show signs of internalizing stigma, rendering them more vulnerable to low self-worth and poorer mental health. To manage the impact of stigma, the included studies suggest that autistic individuals may use these strategies: concealment and camouflaging, selective disclosure and self-advocacy, as well as positive reframing and reconstructing identity. However, the evidence is limited and mixed in terms of how helpful and effective these strategies are. Future studies should include autistic populations with a wider range of intellectual abilities and explore interventions that can support autistic people in managing stigma to supplement interventions that seek to reduce stigma towards autistic people. The power of language in perpetuating and challenging stigma also has important implications for research and practice, underscoring the need for researchers and practitioners to reflect carefully on the messages they are communicating about autism.
Alkhaldi, Rabi Samil; Sheppard, Elizabeth; Burdett, Emily; Mitchell, Peter
Do Neurotypical People Like or Dislike Autistic People? Journal Article
In: Autism in Adulthood, vol. 3, iss. 3, pp. 275-279, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Førstehåndsindtryk, Maskering, Social interaktion
@article{nokey,
title = {Do Neurotypical People Like or Dislike Autistic People?},
author = {Rabi Samil Alkhaldi and Elizabeth Sheppard and Emily Burdett and Peter Mitchell },
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36605364/},
doi = {10.1089/aut.2020.0059},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-02},
urldate = {2021-09-02},
journal = {Autism in Adulthood},
volume = {3},
issue = {3},
pages = {275-279},
abstract = {Background: This study investigated whether neurotypical individuals' judgments that they dislike a person are more common when viewing autistic individuals than when viewing neurotypical individuals.
Methods: Videos of autistic and neurotypical targets were presented to a group of perceivers (neurotypical adults) who were asked whether or not they liked each target and why.
Results: It was more common for perceivers to "like" neurotypical than autistic targets. The number of "likes" each target received correlated highly with perceiver ratings of target social favorability. Perceivers cited perceived awkwardness and lack of empathy as being reasons for deciding they disliked targets.
Conclusions: The findings shed light on how neurotypical people (mis)perceive autistic people. Such perceptions may act as a barrier to social integration for autistic people.
Lay summary: Why was this study done?: Previous research has found that nonautistic people tend to form less positive first impressions of autistic people than they do of other nonautistic people. These studies have tended to present questions such as "How trustworthy is this person?" or "How attractive is this person?" along with ratings scales. However, although it is known that nonautistic people tend to give lower ratings on these scales, we do not know whether this amounts to a dislike for autistic people or just lower levels of liking.What was the purpose of this study?: This study aimed to find out whether nonautistic people are less likely to say they like (and more likely to say they dislike) autistic people than other nonautistic people.What did the researchers do?: The researchers presented videos of autistic and nonautistic people to other nonautistic adults. The people watching the videos were not told that some of the people in the videos were autistic. They were asked to decide whether they liked or disliked the person in each video and to say why they had made their decision by choosing from a range of options.What were the results of the study?: Nonautistic people were more likely to say they disliked the person in the video if they were autistic, even though they did not know the diagnosis. The most common reasons for disliking a person was that they appeared awkward, and that they appeared to lack empathy.What do these findings add to what was already known?: It was already known that nonautistic people tend to rate autistic people less positively on ratings scales. This study suggests that when making judgments-of either liking or disliking-they will sometimes go so far as to say they dislike autistic people.What are potential weaknesses in the study?: All of the people in the video clips were male, while those watching the videos were mainly female. Therefore, we do not know whether the same observations would be made for perceptions of autistic females. The number of participants watching the videos was relatively small: a larger sample would give more reliable findings.How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?: The findings add to previous research showing nonautistic people's misperceptions of autistic people could be a barrier to social integration for autistic people. They highlight the need for interventions at the societal level aimed at reducing misunderstanding and promoting tolerance.},
keywords = {Autisme, Førstehåndsindtryk, Maskering, Social interaktion},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: This study investigated whether neurotypical individuals' judgments that they dislike a person are more common when viewing autistic individuals than when viewing neurotypical individuals.
Methods: Videos of autistic and neurotypical targets were presented to a group of perceivers (neurotypical adults) who were asked whether or not they liked each target and why.
Results: It was more common for perceivers to "like" neurotypical than autistic targets. The number of "likes" each target received correlated highly with perceiver ratings of target social favorability. Perceivers cited perceived awkwardness and lack of empathy as being reasons for deciding they disliked targets.
Conclusions: The findings shed light on how neurotypical people (mis)perceive autistic people. Such perceptions may act as a barrier to social integration for autistic people.
Lay summary: Why was this study done?: Previous research has found that nonautistic people tend to form less positive first impressions of autistic people than they do of other nonautistic people. These studies have tended to present questions such as "How trustworthy is this person?" or "How attractive is this person?" along with ratings scales. However, although it is known that nonautistic people tend to give lower ratings on these scales, we do not know whether this amounts to a dislike for autistic people or just lower levels of liking.What was the purpose of this study?: This study aimed to find out whether nonautistic people are less likely to say they like (and more likely to say they dislike) autistic people than other nonautistic people.What did the researchers do?: The researchers presented videos of autistic and nonautistic people to other nonautistic adults. The people watching the videos were not told that some of the people in the videos were autistic. They were asked to decide whether they liked or disliked the person in each video and to say why they had made their decision by choosing from a range of options.What were the results of the study?: Nonautistic people were more likely to say they disliked the person in the video if they were autistic, even though they did not know the diagnosis. The most common reasons for disliking a person was that they appeared awkward, and that they appeared to lack empathy.What do these findings add to what was already known?: It was already known that nonautistic people tend to rate autistic people less positively on ratings scales. This study suggests that when making judgments-of either liking or disliking-they will sometimes go so far as to say they dislike autistic people.What are potential weaknesses in the study?: All of the people in the video clips were male, while those watching the videos were mainly female. Therefore, we do not know whether the same observations would be made for perceptions of autistic females. The number of participants watching the videos was relatively small: a larger sample would give more reliable findings.How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?: The findings add to previous research showing nonautistic people's misperceptions of autistic people could be a barrier to social integration for autistic people. They highlight the need for interventions at the societal level aimed at reducing misunderstanding and promoting tolerance.
Methods: Videos of autistic and neurotypical targets were presented to a group of perceivers (neurotypical adults) who were asked whether or not they liked each target and why.
Results: It was more common for perceivers to "like" neurotypical than autistic targets. The number of "likes" each target received correlated highly with perceiver ratings of target social favorability. Perceivers cited perceived awkwardness and lack of empathy as being reasons for deciding they disliked targets.
Conclusions: The findings shed light on how neurotypical people (mis)perceive autistic people. Such perceptions may act as a barrier to social integration for autistic people.
Lay summary: Why was this study done?: Previous research has found that nonautistic people tend to form less positive first impressions of autistic people than they do of other nonautistic people. These studies have tended to present questions such as "How trustworthy is this person?" or "How attractive is this person?" along with ratings scales. However, although it is known that nonautistic people tend to give lower ratings on these scales, we do not know whether this amounts to a dislike for autistic people or just lower levels of liking.What was the purpose of this study?: This study aimed to find out whether nonautistic people are less likely to say they like (and more likely to say they dislike) autistic people than other nonautistic people.What did the researchers do?: The researchers presented videos of autistic and nonautistic people to other nonautistic adults. The people watching the videos were not told that some of the people in the videos were autistic. They were asked to decide whether they liked or disliked the person in each video and to say why they had made their decision by choosing from a range of options.What were the results of the study?: Nonautistic people were more likely to say they disliked the person in the video if they were autistic, even though they did not know the diagnosis. The most common reasons for disliking a person was that they appeared awkward, and that they appeared to lack empathy.What do these findings add to what was already known?: It was already known that nonautistic people tend to rate autistic people less positively on ratings scales. This study suggests that when making judgments-of either liking or disliking-they will sometimes go so far as to say they dislike autistic people.What are potential weaknesses in the study?: All of the people in the video clips were male, while those watching the videos were mainly female. Therefore, we do not know whether the same observations would be made for perceptions of autistic females. The number of participants watching the videos was relatively small: a larger sample would give more reliable findings.How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?: The findings add to previous research showing nonautistic people's misperceptions of autistic people could be a barrier to social integration for autistic people. They highlight the need for interventions at the societal level aimed at reducing misunderstanding and promoting tolerance.
Perry, Ella; Mandy, William; Hull, Laura; Cage, Eilidh
Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach Journal Article
In: Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, vol. 52, pp. pages 800–810, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Maskering, Stigma
@article{nokey,
title = {Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach},
author = {Ella Perry and William Mandy and Laura Hull and Eilidh Cage },
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-31},
journal = {Journal of Autism and Development Disorders},
volume = {52},
pages = {pages 800–810},
abstract = {Camouflaging refers to strategies used by autistic people to mask or hide social difficulties. The current study draws on Social Identity Theory to examine the relationship between camouflaging and autism-related stigma, testing the hypothesis that camouflaging represents an individualistic strategy in response to stigma. Two hundred and twenty-three autistic adults completed an online survey measuring perceived autism-related stigma, individualistic and collective strategies, camouflaging and mental wellbeing. Results indicated that higher camouflaging was positively associated with autism-related stigma and both individualistic and collective strategy use. Autism-related stigma was associated with lower wellbeing however this relationship was not mediated by camouflaging. These findings demonstrate how stigma contributes to camouflaging and highlight the complexities of navigating autistic identity while still camouflaging.
},
keywords = {Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Maskering, Stigma},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Camouflaging refers to strategies used by autistic people to mask or hide social difficulties. The current study draws on Social Identity Theory to examine the relationship between camouflaging and autism-related stigma, testing the hypothesis that camouflaging represents an individualistic strategy in response to stigma. Two hundred and twenty-three autistic adults completed an online survey measuring perceived autism-related stigma, individualistic and collective strategies, camouflaging and mental wellbeing. Results indicated that higher camouflaging was positively associated with autism-related stigma and both individualistic and collective strategy use. Autism-related stigma was associated with lower wellbeing however this relationship was not mediated by camouflaging. These findings demonstrate how stigma contributes to camouflaging and highlight the complexities of navigating autistic identity while still camouflaging.
Pearson, Amy; Rose, Kieran
A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice Journal Article
In: Autism in Adulthood, vol. 3, no. 1, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Maskering, Stigma
@article{nokey,
title = {A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice},
author = {Amy Pearson and Kieran Rose},
url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/aut.2020.0043?journalCode=aut#xd_co_f=OWQ5YTdmZGUtMzJkZC00MjE2LWJkMGItYjAzOWNiYWNmYjFk~},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0043},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-18},
journal = {Autism in Adulthood},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
abstract = {Autistic masking is an emerging research area that focuses on understanding the conscious or unconscious suppression of natural autistic responses and adoption of alternatives across a range of domains. It is suggested that masking may relate to negative outcomes for autistic people, including late/missed diagnosis, mental health issues, burnout, and suicidality. This makes it essential to understand what masking is, and why it occurs. In this conceptual analysis, we suggest that masking is an unsurprising response to the deficit narrative and accompanying stigma that has developed around autism. We outline how classical social theory (i.e., social identity theory) can help us to understand how and why people mask by situating masking in the social context in which it develops. We draw upon the literature on stigma and marginalization to examine how masking might intersect with different aspects of identity (e.g., gender). We argue that although masking might contribute toward disparities in diagnosis, it is important that we do not impose gender norms and stereotypes by associating masking with a “female autism phenotype.” Finally we provide recommendations for future research, stressing the need for increased understanding of the different ways that autism may present in different people (e.g., internalizing and externalizing) and intersectionality. We suggest that masking is examined through a sociodevelopmental lens, taking into account factors that contribute toward the initial development of the mask and that drive its maintenance.
},
keywords = {Autisme, Maskering, Stigma},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Autistic masking is an emerging research area that focuses on understanding the conscious or unconscious suppression of natural autistic responses and adoption of alternatives across a range of domains. It is suggested that masking may relate to negative outcomes for autistic people, including late/missed diagnosis, mental health issues, burnout, and suicidality. This makes it essential to understand what masking is, and why it occurs. In this conceptual analysis, we suggest that masking is an unsurprising response to the deficit narrative and accompanying stigma that has developed around autism. We outline how classical social theory (i.e., social identity theory) can help us to understand how and why people mask by situating masking in the social context in which it develops. We draw upon the literature on stigma and marginalization to examine how masking might intersect with different aspects of identity (e.g., gender). We argue that although masking might contribute toward disparities in diagnosis, it is important that we do not impose gender norms and stereotypes by associating masking with a “female autism phenotype.” Finally we provide recommendations for future research, stressing the need for increased understanding of the different ways that autism may present in different people (e.g., internalizing and externalizing) and intersectionality. We suggest that masking is examined through a sociodevelopmental lens, taking into account factors that contribute toward the initial development of the mask and that drive its maintenance.
2020
Cage, Eilidh; Monaco, Jessica Di; Newell, Victoria
Understanding, attitudes and dehumanisation towards autistic people Journal Article
In: Psychology Journal Articles: Autism, vol. 23, iss. 6, pp. 1373-1383, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Coping Strategi, Dehumanisering, Maskering
@article{nokey,
title = {Understanding, attitudes and dehumanisation towards autistic people},
author = {Eilidh Cage and Jessica Di Monaco and Victoria Newell},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1893/30633},
doi = {10.1177/1362361318811290},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-08},
urldate = {2020-01-08},
journal = {Psychology Journal Articles: Autism},
volume = {23},
issue = {6},
pages = {1373-1383},
abstract = {Research suggests that while individuals may self-report positive attitudes towards autism, dehumanising attitudes (seeing another as less than human) may still prevail. This study investigated knowledge, openness and dehumanising attitudes of non-autistic people towards autistic people. A total of 361 participants completed a survey measuring autism openness, knowledge and experience, along with a measure of dehumanisation. Results showed that knowledge of autism was comparable to past research and females were more open towards autism. Findings also indicated evidence for dehumanisation, with a particular denial of ‘human uniqueness’ traits. Furthermore, dehumanisation was related to openness towards autism. These findings have implications for targeting attitudes to reduce stigma associated with autism.},
keywords = {Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Coping Strategi, Dehumanisering, Maskering},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Research suggests that while individuals may self-report positive attitudes towards autism, dehumanising attitudes (seeing another as less than human) may still prevail. This study investigated knowledge, openness and dehumanising attitudes of non-autistic people towards autistic people. A total of 361 participants completed a survey measuring autism openness, knowledge and experience, along with a measure of dehumanisation. Results showed that knowledge of autism was comparable to past research and females were more open towards autism. Findings also indicated evidence for dehumanisation, with a particular denial of ‘human uniqueness’ traits. Furthermore, dehumanisation was related to openness towards autism. These findings have implications for targeting attitudes to reduce stigma associated with autism.
Bryant, Richard A; Felmingham, Kim L; Malhi, Gin; Andrew, Elpiniki; Korgaonkar, Mayuresh S
The distinctive neural circuitry of complex posttraumatic stress disorder during threat processing Journal Article
In: Psychol Med., vol. 51, iss. 7, pp. 1121-1128, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: CPTSD, Følelses-håndtering, PTSD
@article{nokey,
title = {The distinctive neural circuitry of complex posttraumatic stress disorder during threat processing},
author = {Richard A Bryant and Kim L Felmingham and Gin Malhi and Elpiniki Andrew and Mayuresh S Korgaonkar},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31910918/},
doi = {10.1017/S0033291719003921},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-08},
journal = {Psychol Med.},
volume = {51},
issue = {7},
pages = {1121-1128},
abstract = {Background: There is controversy over the extent to which the new International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to conduct the first investigation of distinctive neural processes during threat processing in CPTSD relative to PTSD.
Method: This cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance study included 99 participants who met criteria for PTSD (PTSD = 32, CPTSD = 28) and 39 trauma-exposed controls. PTSD was assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). CPTSD was assessed with an adapted version of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Neural responses were measured across the brain while threat or neutral faces were presented at both supraliminal and subliminal levels.
Results: During supraliminal presentations of threat stimuli, there was greater bilateral insula and right amygdala activation in CPTSD participants relative to PTSD. Reduced supraliminal right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and increased subliminal amygdala and insula activation were observed as common dysfunction for both CPTSD and PTSD groups relative to trauma controls. There were no significant differences in terms of subliminal presentations and no differences in functional connectivity. Dissociative responses were positively associated with right insula activation (r = 0.347, p < 0.01).
Conclusions: These results provide the first evidence of distinct neural profiles of CPTSD and PTSD during threat processing. The observation of increased insula and right amygdala activation in CPTSD accords with the proposal that CPTSD is distinguished from PTSD by disturbances in emotion regulation and self-concept.},
keywords = {CPTSD, Følelses-håndtering, PTSD},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: There is controversy over the extent to which the new International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to conduct the first investigation of distinctive neural processes during threat processing in CPTSD relative to PTSD.
Method: This cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance study included 99 participants who met criteria for PTSD (PTSD = 32, CPTSD = 28) and 39 trauma-exposed controls. PTSD was assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). CPTSD was assessed with an adapted version of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Neural responses were measured across the brain while threat or neutral faces were presented at both supraliminal and subliminal levels.
Results: During supraliminal presentations of threat stimuli, there was greater bilateral insula and right amygdala activation in CPTSD participants relative to PTSD. Reduced supraliminal right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and increased subliminal amygdala and insula activation were observed as common dysfunction for both CPTSD and PTSD groups relative to trauma controls. There were no significant differences in terms of subliminal presentations and no differences in functional connectivity. Dissociative responses were positively associated with right insula activation (r = 0.347, p < 0.01).
Conclusions: These results provide the first evidence of distinct neural profiles of CPTSD and PTSD during threat processing. The observation of increased insula and right amygdala activation in CPTSD accords with the proposal that CPTSD is distinguished from PTSD by disturbances in emotion regulation and self-concept.
Method: This cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance study included 99 participants who met criteria for PTSD (PTSD = 32, CPTSD = 28) and 39 trauma-exposed controls. PTSD was assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). CPTSD was assessed with an adapted version of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Neural responses were measured across the brain while threat or neutral faces were presented at both supraliminal and subliminal levels.
Results: During supraliminal presentations of threat stimuli, there was greater bilateral insula and right amygdala activation in CPTSD participants relative to PTSD. Reduced supraliminal right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and increased subliminal amygdala and insula activation were observed as common dysfunction for both CPTSD and PTSD groups relative to trauma controls. There were no significant differences in terms of subliminal presentations and no differences in functional connectivity. Dissociative responses were positively associated with right insula activation (r = 0.347, p < 0.01).
Conclusions: These results provide the first evidence of distinct neural profiles of CPTSD and PTSD during threat processing. The observation of increased insula and right amygdala activation in CPTSD accords with the proposal that CPTSD is distinguished from PTSD by disturbances in emotion regulation and self-concept.
2019
Alkhaldi, Rabi Samil; Sheppard, Elizabeth; Mitchell, Peter
Is There a Link Between Autistic People Being Perceived Unfavorably and Having a Mind That Is Difficult to Read? Journal Article
In: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 49, pp. 3973–3982, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Førstehåndsindtryk, Maskering
@article{nokey,
title = {Is There a Link Between Autistic People Being Perceived Unfavorably and Having a Mind That Is Difficult to Read?},
author = {Rabi Samil Alkhaldi and Elizabeth Sheppard and Peter Mitchell },
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-019-04101-1},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04101-1},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-06-13},
journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},
volume = {49},
pages = {3973–3982},
abstract = {The link between autistic people having a mind that is difficult to read (by neurotypical participants) and being perceived unfavorably was investigated. Videoed Autistic and neurotypical targets from Sheppard et al. (PLOS ONE 7(11):e49859, 2016) were scored for how readable they were when reacting to a distinctive greeting from the experimenter. These videos were presented to new groups of perceivers (neurotypical adults) who rated neurotypical targets more socially favorably than autistic targets irrespective of whether details of the experimenter’s greeting were concealed (Study 1) or disclosed (Study 2). Target readability correlated with ratings of target favorability (r = .58 and r = .63), independent of target diagnosis. Perceivers might rate targets unfavorably because they experience difficulty reading them, though other interpretations of the correlation are also possible.},
keywords = {Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Førstehåndsindtryk, Maskering},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The link between autistic people having a mind that is difficult to read (by neurotypical participants) and being perceived unfavorably was investigated. Videoed Autistic and neurotypical targets from Sheppard et al. (PLOS ONE 7(11):e49859, 2016) were scored for how readable they were when reacting to a distinctive greeting from the experimenter. These videos were presented to new groups of perceivers (neurotypical adults) who rated neurotypical targets more socially favorably than autistic targets irrespective of whether details of the experimenter’s greeting were concealed (Study 1) or disclosed (Study 2). Target readability correlated with ratings of target favorability (r = .58 and r = .63), independent of target diagnosis. Perceivers might rate targets unfavorably because they experience difficulty reading them, though other interpretations of the correlation are also possible.
2000
Taylor, S E; Klein, L C; Lewis, B P; Gruenewald, T L; Gurung, R A; Updegraff, J A
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight Journal Article
In: Psychol Rev., vol. 107, iss. 3, pp. 411-29, 2000.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Maskering, Stress
@article{nokey,
title = {Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight},
author = {S E Taylor and L C Klein and B P Lewis and T L Gruenewald and R A Gurung and J A Updegraff},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10941275/},
doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-07-01},
journal = {Psychol Rev.},
volume = {107},
issue = {3},
pages = {411-29},
abstract = {The human stress response has been characterized, both physiologically and behaviorally, as "fight-or-flight." Although fight-or-flight may characterize the primary physiological responses to stress for both males and females, we propose that, behaviorally, females' responses are more marked by a pattern of "tend-and-befriend." Tending involves nurturant activities designed to protect the self and offspring that promote safety and reduce distress; befriending is the creation and maintenance of social networks that may aid in this process. The biobehavioral mechanism that underlies the tend-and-befriend pattern appears to draw on the attachment-caregiving system, and neuroendocrine evidence from animal and human studies suggests that oxytocin, in conjunction with female reproductive hormones and endogenous opioid peptide mechanisms, may be at its core. This previously unexplored stress regulatory system has manifold implications for the study of stress.},
keywords = {Autisme, Autismeforståelse, Maskering, Stress},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The human stress response has been characterized, both physiologically and behaviorally, as "fight-or-flight." Although fight-or-flight may characterize the primary physiological responses to stress for both males and females, we propose that, behaviorally, females' responses are more marked by a pattern of "tend-and-befriend." Tending involves nurturant activities designed to protect the self and offspring that promote safety and reduce distress; befriending is the creation and maintenance of social networks that may aid in this process. The biobehavioral mechanism that underlies the tend-and-befriend pattern appears to draw on the attachment-caregiving system, and neuroendocrine evidence from animal and human studies suggests that oxytocin, in conjunction with female reproductive hormones and endogenous opioid peptide mechanisms, may be at its core. This previously unexplored stress regulatory system has manifold implications for the study of stress.